Green-emitting, garnet-based phosphors in general and backlighting applications

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are green-emitting, garnet-based phosphors having the formula (Lu1−a−b−cYaTbbAc)3(Al1−dBd)5(O1−eCe)12:Ce,Eu, where A is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Sr, Ca, and Ba; B is selected from the group consisting of Ga and In; C is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, and Br; and 0≤a≤1; 0≤b≤1; 0&lt;c≤0.5; 0≤d≤1; and 0&lt;e≤0.2. These phosphors are distinguished from anything in the art by nature of their inclusion of both an alkaline earth and a halogen. Their peak emission wavelength may lie between about 500 nm and 540 nm; in one embodiment, the phosphor (Lu,Y,A)3Al5(O,F,Cl)12:Eu2+ has an emission at 540 nm. The FWHM of the emission peak lies between 80 nm and 150 nm. The present green garnet phosphors may be combined with a red-emitting, nitride-based phosphor such as CaAlSiN3 to produce white light.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/703,726 Filed May 4, 2015 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,458,378), entitled GREEN-EMITTING, GARNET-BASED PHOSPHORS IN GENERAL AND BACKLIGHTING APPLICATIONS, by Yusong Wu et al., which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/023,062 Filed Sep. 10, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,023,242), entitled GREEN-EMITTING, GARNET-BASED PHOSPHORS IN GENERAL AND BACKLIGHTING APPLICATIONS, by Yusong Wu et al., which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/181,226 filed Jul. 12, 2011, entitled GREEN-EMITTING, GARNET-BASED PHOSPHORS IN GENERAL AND BACKLIGHTING APPLICATIONS, by Yusong Wu et al., now U.S. Pat. No. 8,529,791, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/364,321, filed Jul. 14, 2010, entitled GREEN-EMITTING, GARNET-BASED PHOSPHORS IN GENERAL AND BACKLIGHTING APPLICATIONS, by Yusong Wu et al., and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/975,356 filed Oct. 18, 2007, entitled NANO-YAG:CE PHOSPHOR COMPOSITIONS AND THEIR METHODS OF PREPARATION, by Dejie Tao et al., now U.S. Pat. No. 8,133,461, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/853,382 filed Oct. 20, 2006, entitled NANO YAG:CE PHOSPHORS AND THE METHOD OF PREPARING THE SAME, by Dejie Tao et al., which applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed in general to green-emitting, garnet based phosphors that are applicable to a number of different technologic areas, particularly backlighting applications. Specifically, the present disclosure is directed to lutetium-based garnets

Description of the Related Art

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to cerium-doped, garnet-based phosphors. YAG:Ce is an example of such a phosphor, and this compound has for some time been used in commercial markets generating white light from so-called “white light LEDs.” This latter term is a misnomer, since light emitting diodes emit light of a specific monochromatic color and not a combination of wavelengths perceived as white by the human eye, but the term is nonetheless entrenched in the lexicon of the lighting industry.

In comparison to other phosphor hosts, particularly those based on the silicates, sulphates, nitridosilicates, and oxo-nitridosilicates, YAG:Ce has a relatively high absorption efficiency when excited by blue light, is stable in high temperature and humidity environments, and has a high quantum efficiency (QE>95%), all the while displaying a broad emission spectrum.

If there is a disadvantage in using a YAG:Ce phosphor, and there is in certain applications, it is that the peak emission of this phosphor is too long (that is to say, too deep into the red), for use as a luminescent source in, for example, a backlighting application.

An alternative to YAG:Ce is the cerium doped Lu₃Al₅O₁₂ compound (LAG:Ce), which has the same crystalline structure as YAG:Ce, a similar temperature and humidity stability as the yttrium-based compound, and likewise for quantum efficiency. Despite these similarities, LAG:Ce exhibits a different peak emission wavelength than its YAG counterpart; in the lutetium case, this peak wavelength is at about 540 nm. This emission wavelength is still not short enough, however, to be useful in backlighting applications.

Thus, what is needed in the art, particularly in the fields related to backlighting technologies, is a phosphor with a garnet structure and a peak emission wavelength shorter than that of either YAG:Ce or LAG:Ce.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to green-emitting, garnet-based phosphors having the general formula (Lu_(1−a−b−c)Y_(a)Tb_(b)A_(c))₃(Al_(1−d)B₅(O_(1−e)C_(e))₁₂:Ce,Eu, where A is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Sr, Ca, and Ba; B is selected from the group consisting of Ga and In; C is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, and Br; 0≤a≤1; 0≤b≤1; 0<c≤0.5; 0≤d≤1; and 0<e≤0.2. The “A” element, which may be any of the alkaline earth elements Mg, Sr, Ca, and Ba, used either solely or in combination, is very effective in shifting wavelength to shorter values. These compounds will be referred to in the present disclosure as “halogenated LAG-based” garnets.

In an alternative embodiment, the present green garnets may be represented by the formula (Y,Lu,A)_(x)(Al)₅(O,F,Cl)_(12+(3/2)x); subject to the proviso that x is not equal to 3, and ranges from about 2.5 to about 3.5. As in the first formula described in this section, A is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Sr, Ca, and Ba, and ranges in content stoichiometrically from greater than equal to zero to about 0.5, relative to the total amounts of yttrium and lutetium. Yttrium and lutetium are interchangeable with one another. These compounds may be collectively described in the present disclosure as “non-integer stoichiometric compounds” based on YAG and LAG.

In an alternative embodiment, the present green-emitting, garnet-based phosphors may be described by the formula (Y,A)₃(Al,B)₅(O,C)₁₂:Ce³⁺, where A is at least one of Tb, Gd, Sm, La, Lu, Sr, Ca, and Mg, including combinations of those elements, wherein the amount of substitution of those elements for Y ranges from about 0.1 to about 100 percent in a stoichiometric manner. B is at least one of Si, Ge, B, P, and Ga, including combinations, and these elements substitute for Al in amounts ranging from about 0.1 to about 100 percent stoichiometrically. C is at least one of F, Cl, N, and S, including combinations, substituting for oxygen in amounts ranging from about 0.1 to about 100 percent stoichiometrically.

In an alternative embodiment, the present green-emitting, garnet-based phosphors may be described by the formula (Y_(1−x)Ba_(x))₃Al₅(O_(1−y)C_(y))₁₂:³⁺, where x and y each range from about 0.001 to about 0.2. In a variation of this embodiment, the garnet-based phosphors may be represented by the formula (Y_(1−x)Ba_(x))_(z)Al₅(O_(1−y)C_(y))_(12(3/2)z):³⁺, where z is not equal to 3 in this embodiment, and ranges from about 2.5 to about 3.5. In these embodiments, when the constituent elements are yttrium, barium, aluminum, oxygen, and fluorine.

The present green-emitting, garnet based phosphors may be excited by blue light emitted by either a laser or LED (or any other such means), and used in combination with either of (or both) a yellow-green-emitting silicate phosphor and/or a red-emitting nitride-based phosphor. The red nitride may have the general formula (Ca,Sr)AlSiN₃:Eu²⁺, further comprising an optional halogen, and wherein the oxygen impurity content of the red nitride phosphor may be less than equal to about 2 percent by weight.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the SEM morphology of Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ with different MgF₂ additive concentrations, illustrating that particle sizes become larger and more homogeneous as the amount of the MgF₂ additive is increased;

FIG. 2 is a series of x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of exemplary Y_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors with different MgF₂ additive concentrations;

FIG. 3 is a series x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of exemplary Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors with different MgF₂ additive concentrations;

FIG. 4 is a series of the x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of exemplary Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors having a 5 wt % MgF₂ additive and a 5 wt % SrF₂ additive;

FIG. 5 is the emission spectra of a series of exemplary Y_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors with different levels of MgF₂ additive, the emission spectra obtained by exciting the phosphors with a blue LED;

FIG. 6 is the normalized emission spectra of a series of exemplary Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors with different MgF₂ additive concentrations under blue LED excitation;

FIG. 7 is the emission spectra of Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors with different MgF₂ additive under blue LED excitation;

FIG. 8 is the normalized emission spectra of Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors with different MgF₂ additive under blue LED excitation; the results show that the emission peak of Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ shifts to short wavelength with certain amount of MgF₂ additive, and that the greater the amount of the MgF₂ additive, the shorter emission peak wavelength;

FIG. 9 is a normalized emission spectra of a Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphor with 5 wt % MgF₂ and 5 wt % SrF₂ additives where the phosphor has been excited with a blue LED; the results are compared with a control sample that contains no halogenated salts as an additive; the results illustrate that the emission peak shifts to shorter wavelengths with the MgF₂ synthesized compound than it does for the SrF₂ synthesized compound;

FIG. 10 shows how the emission wavelength of a series of exemplary Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors decreases as the concentration of an SrF₂ additive is increased;

FIG. 11 is the normalized excitation spectra of a series of exemplary Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors with different MgF₂ additive concentrations, showing that the excitation spectra becomes more narrow when the MgF₂ additive concentration is increased;

FIG. 12 shows the temperature dependence of an exemplary Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphor with a 5 wt % MgF₂ additive;

FIG. 13 shows the spectra of a white LED that includes an exemplary green-emitting, garnet-based phosphor having the formula Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ with 5 wt % SrF₂ additive; the white LED also includes a red phosphor having the formula (Ca_(0.2)Sr_(0.8))AlSiN₃:Eu²⁺, and when both green and red phosphors are excited with an InGaN LED emitting blue light, the resulting white light had the color properties CIE x=0.24, and CIE y=0.20;

FIG. 14 is the spectra of a white LED with the following components: a blue InGaN LED, a green garnet having the formula Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ with either 3 or 5 wt % additives, a red nitride having the formula (Ca_(0.2)Sr_(0.8))AlSiN₃:Eu²⁺ or a silicate having the formula (Sr_(0.5)Ba_(0.5))₂SiO₄:Eu²⁺, wherein the white light has the color coordinates CIE (x=0.3, y=0.3); and

FIG. 15 is the spectra of the white LED systems of FIG. 14, in this instance measured at 3,000 K.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A yttrium aluminum garnet compound activated with the rare earth cerium (YAG:Ce) is one of the best choices of phosphor material one can make if the desired application is either high power LED lighting, or cool white lighting of a non-specific, general nature. As one might expect there, is a requirement in general lighting for highly efficient components, both in the case of the LED chip supplying blue light and excitation radiation, and in the case of the phosphor that is used in conjunction with the chip, excited by the chip, used in conjunction with the chip, and which supplies the typically yellow/green constituent of the resulting product light.

As discussed in the previous section of this disclosure, YAG:Ce does demonstrate this desired high efficiency, having a quantum efficiency greater than about 95 percent, and it would therefore appear to be a difficult task to improve upon this number. But it is known in the art that the efficiency of an LED chip increases with a decrease in emission wavelength, and thus it would appear, in theory anyway, that the efficiency of a general lighting system will be enhanced if a phosphor paired with an LED chip emitting at shorter wavelengths may be excited by those shorter wavelengths. The problem with this strategy, unfortunately, is that the emission efficiency of a YAG:Ce phosphor decreases when the wavelength of its blue excitation radiation is reduced to a level below about 460 nm.

The repercussions of this are, of course, that YAG:Ce should really only be paired with an LED chip having an emission wavelength no less than about 450 to 460 mm But it is also known in the art that photon energies of the phosphor's excitation radiation depend strongly on the structure of the anionic polyhedron (comprising oxygen atoms in this case) surrounding the activator cation (cerium). It follows that the efficiency of the system may be enhanced if the excitation range of a garnet-based phosphor might be extended towards shorter wavelengths relative to a YAG:Ce phosphor. Thus the objects of the present invention include altering the structure and nature of this anionic polyhedron to shift the excitation range the phosphor “desires” to see to shorter wavelengths than that of the traditional YAG:Ce, while maintaining in the meantime (or even improving) the superior properties that garnets display.

The present disclosure will be divided into the following sections: first, a chemical description (stoichiometric formulas) of the present green garnets will be given, followed by a brief description of possible synthetic methods. The structure of the present green garnets will be discussed next, along with its relationship to experimental data comprising wavelength and photoluminescent changes upon the inclusion of certain halogen dopants. Finally, the role these green garnets may play in white light illumination and backlighting applications will be presented with exemplary data.

Chemical Description of the Present Green Garnets

The green emitting garnets of the present invention contain both alkaline earth and halogen constituents. These dopants are used to achieve the desired photoemission intensity and spectral properties, but the fact that simultaneous alkaline earth and halogen substitutions provide a sort of self-contained charge balance is fortuitous as well. Additionally, there may be other advantageous compensations having to do with the overall changes to the size of the unit cell: while substations of Lu for Y may tend to expand the size of the cell, the opposite effect may occur with substitutions of an alkaline earth for Y (in some cases, at any rate), and likewise with the halogen for oxygen.

There are several ways to describe the formula of the present phosphors. In one embodiment, a yellow to green emitting cerium-doped, garnet-based phosphor may be described by the formula (Lu_(1−a−b−c)Y_(a)Tb_(b)A_(c))₃(Al_(1−d)B_(d))₅(O_(1−e)C_(e))₁₂:Ce,Eu, where A is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Sr, Ca, and Ba; B is selected from the group consisting of Ga and In; C is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, and Br; 0≤a≤1; 0≤b≤1; O<c≤0.5; 0≤d≤1; and 0<e≤0.2. The “A” element, which may be any of the alkaline earth elements Mg, Sr, Ca, and Ba, used either solely or in combination, is very effective in shifting wavelength to shorter values. These compounds will be referred to in the present disclosure as “halogenated LAG-based” garnets.

In an alternative embodiment, the present green garnets may be represented by the formula (Y,Lu,A)_(x)(Al)₅(O,F,Cl)_(12+(3/2)x); subject to the proviso that x is not equal to 3, and ranges from about 2.5 to about 3.5. As in the first formula described in this section, A is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Sr, Ca, and Ba, and ranges in content stoichiometrically from greater than equal to zero to about 0.5, relative to the total amounts of yttrium and lutetium. Yttrium and lutetium are interchangeable with one another. These compounds may be collectively described in the present disclosure as “non-integer stoichiometric compounds” based on YAG and LAG.

In an alternative embodiment, the present green-emitting, garnet-based phosphors may be described by the formula (Y,A)₃(Al,B)₅(O,C)₁₂:Ce³⁺, where A is at least one of Tb, Gd, Sm, La, Lu, Sr, Ca, and Mg, including combinations of those elements, wherein the amount of substitution of those elements for Y ranges from about 0.1 to about 100 percent in a stoichiometric manner. B is at least one of Si, Ge, B, P, and Ga, including combinations, and these elements substitute for AI in amounts ranging from about 0.1 to about 100 percent stoichiometrically. C is at least one of F, Cl, N, and S, including combinations, substituting for oxygen in amounts ranging from about 0.1 to about 100 percent stoichiometrically.

In an alternative embodiment, the present green-emitting, garnet-based phosphors may be described by the formula (Y_(1−x)Ba_(x))₃Al₅(O_(1−y)Cy)₁₂:Ce³⁺, where x and y each range from about 0.001 to about 0.2. In a variation of this embodiment, the garnet-based phosphors may be represented by the formula (Y_(1−x)Ba_(x))_(z)Al₅(O_(1−y)C_(y))_(12+(3/2)z):Ce³⁺, where z is not equal to 3 in this embodiment, and ranges from about 2.5 to about 3.5. In these embodiments, when the constituent elements are yttrium, barium, aluminum, oxygen, and fluorine, the phosphor is excitable by radiation ranging in wavelength from about 440 to about 470 nm, and exhibits a peak emission wavelength as a result that ranges from about 540 to about 560 nm.

Synthesis

Any number of methods may be used to synthesize the present green-emitting, garnet-based phosphors, involving both solid state reaction mechanisms, as well as liquid mixing techniques. Liquid mixing includes such methods as co-precipitation and sol-gel techniques.

One embodiment of preparation involves a solid state reaction mechanism comprising the steps:

-   -   (a) desired amounts of the starting materials CeO₂, Y₂O₃,         lutetium salts including the nitrates, carbonates, halides,         and/or oxides of lutetium, and M²⁺X₂, where M is a divalent         alkaline earth metal selected from the group consisting of Mg,         Sr, Ca, and Ba, and X is a halogen selected from the group         consisting of F and Cl were combined to form a mixture of         starting powders;     -   (b) the mix of starting powders from step (a) is dry-mixed using         any conventional method, such as ball milling, and typical         mixing times using ball milling are greater than about 2 hours         (in one embodiment about 8 hours);     -   (c) sintering the mixed starting powders from step (b) at a         temperature of about 1400° C. to about 1600° C. for about 6 to         about 12 hours in a reducing atmosphere (the purpose of this         atmosphere is for a reduction of the ammonia-based compounds);     -   (d) crushing the sintered product from step (c), and washing it         with water; and     -   (e) drying the washed product from step (d), wherein the drying         conditions may be constitute a time of about 12 hours at a         temperature of about 150° C.

The present garnets may be synthesized by liquid mixing techniques as well. An example of the synthesis of a non-halogenated LAG compound having the formula Lu_(2.985)Ce_(0.015)Al₅O₁₂ using co-precipitation has been described by H.-L. Li et al. in an article titled “Fabrication of Transparent Cerium-Doped Lutetium Aluminum Garnet Ceramics by Co. Precipitation Routes,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89 [7] 2356-2358 (2006). These non-halogenated LAG compounds contained no alkaline earth constituents. The article is incorporated herein in its entirety, as it is contemplated that a similar co-precipitation method may be used to produce the halogenated LAGs of the present disclosure with alkaline earth constituents.

An example of the synthesis of a halogenated YAG compound using a sol-gel technique has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,199 by E. McFarland et al., to Symyx Technologies, titled “Phosphor materials.” These (possibly) halogenated YAG compounds contained no alkaline earth constituents. This patent is incorporated herein in its entirety, as it is contemplated that a similar sol-gel method may be used to produce the halogenated YAG compounds of the present disclosure with alkaline earth constituents.

FIG. 1 shows the SEM morphology of an exemplary Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors with different MgF₂ additive concentrations, synthesized via the solid state mechanisms described above. The morphology as revealed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows that particle sizes become larger, and more homogeneous, as the amount of the MgF₂ additive is increased.

Crystal Structure of the Present Green Garnets

The crystal structure of the present green garnets are the same as that of the yttrium aluminum garnet, Y₃Al₅O₁₂, and like this well studied YAG compound, the present garnets belong to the space group Ia3d (no. 230). This space group, as it pertains to YAG, has been discussed by Y. Kuru et al. in an article titled “Yttrium Aluminum Garnet as a Scavenger for Ca and Si,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91 [11] 3663-3667 (2008). As described by Y. Kuru et al., YAG has a complex crystal consisting of 160 atoms (8 formula units) per unit cell, where the Y³⁺ occupy positions of multiplicity 24, Wyckoff letter “c,” and site symmetry 2.22, and the 0²⁻ atoms occupy positions of multiplicity 96, Wyckoff letter “h,” and site symmetry 1. Two of the Al³⁺ ions are situated on octahedral 16(a) positions, whereas the remaining three Al³⁺ ions are positioned on tetrahedral 24(d) sites.

The lattice parameters of the YAG unit cell are a=b=c=1.2008 nm, and a=β=γ=90°. Whereas substitution of lutetium for yttrium is expected to expand the size of the unit cell, the angles between the unit cell axes are not expected to change, and the material will retain its cubic character.

FIG. 2 shows the x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of a series of exemplary Y_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors with different MgF₂ additive concentrations, showing how the addition of an alkaline earth and a halogen (MgF₂) component shifts high angle diffraction peaks to higher values of 2θ. This means that the lattice constants become smaller relative to a YAG component with no alkaline earth/halogen, and further indicates that Mg²⁺ is being incorporated into the crystal lattice, occupying Y³⁺ positions.

FIG. 3 shows the x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of a series of exemplary phosphors in an analogous manner to FIG. 2, except that this time the series of compounds are Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors with different MgF₂ additive concentrations, where lutetium-based compounds are being studied, rather than yttrium-based compounds.

FIG. 4 shows the x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of a series of exemplary Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors having either a 5 wt % MgF₂ and 5 wt % SrF₂ additive: this experiment shows a comparison of the Mg constituent versus a Sr one. The data shows that with the MgF₂ additive in the Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ lattice, high angle diffraction peak move to greater values of 2θ, meaning that lattice constants become smaller. Alternatively, with SrF₂ additive, high angle diffraction peaks move to smaller values of 2θ, meaning that the lattice constants increase. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that both Mg²⁺ and Sr²⁺ are being incorporated into the Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ lattice and occupying Lu³⁺ positions. These peak shifts in position occur because Mg²⁺, with its ionic radius of 0.72 Å, is smaller than Lu³⁺ (0.86 Å), while Sr²⁺ (1.18 Å) is bigger than Lu³⁺.

Mechanism of Alkaline Earth and Halogen Influence on Optical Properties

In one embodiment of the present invention, Ce³⁺ is the luminescent activator in the garnet-based phosphor. The transition between the 4f and 5d energy levels of the Ce³⁺ ion corresponds to excitation of the phosphor with blue light; green light emission from the phosphor is a result from the same electronic transition. In the garnet structure, the Ce³⁺ is located at the center of an octahedral site formed by a polyanionic structure of six oxygen ions. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that according to crystal field theory, the surrounding anions (which may also be described as ligands) induce an electrostatic potential on the 5d electron of the central cation. The 5d energy level splitting is 10Dq, where Dq is known to depend on the particular ligand species. From the spectrochemical series it may be seen that the Dq of a halide is smaller than that of oxygen, and thus it follows that when oxygen ions are replaced by halide ions, the Dq will decrease correspondingly.

The implications of this are that the band gap energy; that is to say, the energy difference between the 4f and 5d electronic levels, will increase with substitution of oxygen ions with halide in the polyanionic cages surrounding activator ions. This is why the emission peak shifts to shorter wavelength with halogen substitution. Simultaneously, with the introduction of halide ions in the oxygen polyanionic structures forming octahedral sites, a corresponding cation may also replace a portion of the Lu/Y content. If the cation replacing Lu/Y is a smaller cation, the result will be a shift of the emission peak towards the blue end of the spectrum. The emitted luminescence will have a shorter wavelength than otherwise would have occurred. In contrast, if the cation replacing Lu/Y is a larger cation, such as Sr or Ba, the result will be a shift of the emission peak towards the red end of the spectrum. In this case, the emitted luminescence will have a longer wavelength.

Combined with the effects of the halide, Mg as an alkaline earth substituent will be a better choice than Sr if a blue-shift is desired, and this will be shown experimentally in the following portions of the present disclosure. It is also known the LAG emission peak is a doublet due to spin-orbit coupling. As the blue-shift occurs, the emission with shorter wavelength is biased and its intensity increases correspondingly. This trend is not only helpful to the blue-shift of the emission, but also enhances photoluminescence.

FIG. 5 is the emission spectra of a series of exemplary Y_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors with different levels of MgF₂ additive, the emission spectra obtained by exciting the phosphors with a blue LED. This data shows that with increasing amounts of MgF₂ the photoluminescent intensity increases and the peak emission wavelength shifts to shorter values. Though not shown on FIG. 5, the present inventors have data for a 5 wt % addition of BaF₂ to the starting powders: this phosphor showed a significant increase in photoluminescent intensity relative to the three magnesium-containing phosphors, and a peak emission wavelength that is about the same as that of the 1 wt % sample.

A normalized version of the data from FIG. 5 is shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 is the normalized emission spectra of the same series of exemplary Y_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors with different MgF₂ additive concentrations under blue LED excitation, but where normalizing the photoluminescent intensity to a single value highlight that the emission peak of Y_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ shifts to short wavelength with increasing amounts of the MgF₂ additive. The greater the amount of the MgF₂ additive, the shorter the emission peak wavelength. This is the same trend demonstrated by a Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphor, as will be demonstrated next.

FIG. 7 is the emission spectra of a series of exemplary Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors with different levels of MgF₂ additive, the emission spectra obtained by exciting the phosphor with a blue LED. This data is analogous to that of FIG. 5, except that lutetium-based rather than yttrium-based compounds are being studied. As with the yttrium data, this data for lutetium shows similar trends for the shift in emission wavelength, though those trends for photoluminescent intensity are not, perhaps, as similar.

The Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ emission spectra of FIG. 7 have been normalized to emphasize the effect of the addition of halogen salt on peak emission wavelength; the normalized version of the data is shown in FIG. 8. As in the yttrium case, peak emission shifts to shorter wavelength with increasing amounts of MgF₂ additive; that is to say, the greater the amount of the MgF₂ additive, the shorter the emission peak wavelength. The amount of wavelength shift upon increasing the amount of the MgF₂ additive from zero (no additive) to about 5 wt % of the additive was observed to be about 40 nm; from about 550 nm to about 510 nm.

Each of the graphs in FIGS. 5-8 have plotted their respective spectra as a series of phosphor compositions with increasing additive concentration, starting at no additive, and ending with the highest concentration of the series at 5 wt %. To emphasize a comparison of the SrF₂ additive with the MgF₂ additive; in other words, a phosphor with a Sr alkaline earth and fluorine content with a phosphor having a Mg alkaline earth and fluorine content, the phosphors have been plotted together in FIG. 9: a phosphor with no additive, a phosphor with 5 wt % SrF₂, and a phosphor with 5 wt % MgF₂. The phosphor is based on the sample Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂.

The emission spectra data in FIG. 9 has been normalized to better emphasize the effects on optical properties rendered by the inclusion of the halogen and alkaline earths. When excited with a blue LED, the result illustrates that the emission peak shifts to shorter wavelengths with the addition of MgF₂ and SrF₂. The Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ sample with no additive shows a peak emission wavelength at about 550 mm; with a 5 wt % SrF₂ additive the peak emission wavelength shifts to about 535 nm, and with a 5 wt % MgF₂ additive the wavelength shifts even further to about 510 nm.

FIG. 10 shows how the emission wavelength of a series of exemplary Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors decreases as the concentration of a SrF₂ additive is increased. Peak emission wavelength has been plotted as a function of the amount of the SrF₂ additive; samples having a SrF₂ additive content of 1, 2, 3, and 5 wt % were tested. The results show that the peak emission wavelength was about the same for the 1 and 2 wt % samples, the wavelength being about 535 nm; as the SrF₂ additive is increased to 3 wt % the peak emission wavelength decreases to about 533 nm. With a further increase of SrF₂ additive to 5 wt % peak wavelength drops precipitously to about 524 mm.

Excitation Spectra and Temperature Dependence

FIG. 11 is the normalized excitation spectra of a series of exemplary Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ phosphors with different MgF₂ additive concentrations, showing that the excitation spectra become more narrow when the MgF₂ additive concentration is increased. The data shows that the present green garnets exhibit a wide band of wavelengths over which the phosphors may be excited, ranging from about 380 to about 480 inn.

The thermal stability of the present garnet phosphors is exemplified by the lutetium containing compound Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ with a 5 wt % MgF₂ additive; in FIG. 12, its thermal stability is compared with the commercially available phosphor Ce^(3±):Y₃Al₅O₁₂. It may be observed that the thermal stability of the Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ compound is even better than the YAG.

Applications to Backlighting and White Light Illumination Systems

According to further embodiments of the present invention, the present green garnets may be used in white light illumination systems, commonly known as “white LEDs,” and in backlighting configurations for display applications. Such white light illumination systems comprise a radiation source configured to emit radiation having a wavelength greater than about 280 nm; and a halide anion-doped green garnet phosphor configured to absorb at least a portion of the radiation from the radiation source, and emit light having a peak wavelength ranging from 480 nm to about 650 nm.

FIG. 13 shows the spectra of a white LED that includes an exemplary green-emitting, garnet-based phosphor having the formula Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ with a 5 wt % SrF₂ additive. This white LED further includes a red phosphor having the formula (Ca_(0.2)Sr_(0.8))AlSiN₃:Eu²⁺. When both green garnet and red nitride phosphors are excited with an InGaN LED emitting blue light, the resulting white light displayed the color coordinates CIE x=0.24, and CIE y=0.20. The sample in FIG. 13 that contains the yellow-green silicate

FIG. 14 is the spectra of a white LED with the following components: a blue InGaN LED, a green garnet having the formula Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ with either 3 or 5 wt % additives, a red nitride having the formula (Ca_(0.2)Sr_(0.8))AlSiN₃:Eu²⁺ or a silicate having the formula (Sr_(0.5)Ba_(0.5))₂SiO₄:Eu²⁺, wherein the white light has the color coordinates CIE (x=0.3, y=0.3). The sample that shows the most prominent double peak is the one labeled “EG3261+R640,” where the EG3261 designation represents the (Sr_(0.5)Ba_(0.5))₂SiO₄:Eu²⁺ phosphor, in combination with the red R640 (Ca_(0.2)Sr_(0.8))AlSiN₃:Eu²⁺ phosphor emitting at about 640 nm. The two peaks labeled LAG (3 wt % MgF₂)+R640 and LAG (5 wt % SrF₂)+R640 demonstrate a much more uniform emission of perceived white light over the wavelength range 500 to 650 nm, an attribute desirable in the art.

FIG. 15 is the spectra of the white LED systems of FIG. 14, in this instance measured at 3,000 K.

In embodiments of the present invention, the red nitride that may be used in conjunction with the green garnet may have the general formula (Ca,Sr)AlSiN₃:Eu²⁺, where the red nitride may further comprise an optional halogen, and wherein the oxygen impurity content of the red nitride phosphor may be less than or equal to about 2 percent by weight.

Optical and Physical Data in Table Form

A summary of exemplary data is tabulated in the following two tables. In Table 1 is the testing results of a Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ based phosphor with three different MgF₂ additive levels. Table 2 tabulates the testing results of a Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ based compound with four different SrF₂ additive levels. These results summarize and confirm that MgF₂ and SrF₂ additives in Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ shift the emission peak wavelength to shorter wavelengths, where the emission intensity is increased with increasing MgF₂ and SrF₂ concentration. The particle size also increases with the increasing MgF₂ and SrF₂ additive concentration.

TABLE 1 Testing results of Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ with different MgF₂ levels of additive Emission Peak Particle MgF₂ Wave- Relative Size (wt CIE CIE length Intensity D50 %) x y (nm) (%) (μm) 1 0.3635 0.5862 526.88 58.04 4.01 2 0.3554 0.5778 529.56 78.47 7.38 3 0.3336 0.5776 514.22 105.13 9.30

TABLE 2 Testing results of Lu_(2.91)Ce_(0.09)Al₅O₁₂ with different levels of SrF₂ additive Emission Peak Particle SrF₂ Wave- Relative Size (wt CIE CIE length Intensity D50 %) x y (nm) (%) (μm) 1 0.3677 0.5732 534.64 71.65 3.84 2 0.3677 0.5732 534.64 85.82 5.24 3 0.3555 0.5718 532.43 112.40 9.90 5 0.3405 0.5748 523.44 107.67 11.38 

What is claimed is:
 1. A white LED comprising: a radiation source configured to provide excitation radiation having a wavelength greater than about 280 nm; at least one green-emitting, garnet-based phosphor, at least one said green emitting, garnet-based phosphor having the formula: (Y,A)₃(Al,B)₅(O,C)₁₂:Ce³⁺, where A is at least one of Tb, Gd, Sm, La, Lu, Sr, Ca, and Mg, including combinations of those elements, and wherein the amount of substitution of those elements for Y ranges from about 0.1 to about 100 percent stoichiometrically; B is at least one of Si, Ge, B, F, and Ga, including combinations, wherein B substitutes for Al in amounts ranging from about 0.1 to about 100 percent stoichiometrically; and C is at least one of F, Cl, N, and S, including combinations, wherein C substitutes for oxygen in amounts ranging from about 0.1 to about 100 percent stoichiometrically.
 2. The white LED of claim 1, further comprising a red-emitting nitride phosphor.
 3. The white LED of claim 2, wherein said nitride phosphor has the formula (Ca,Sr)AlSiN₃:Eu²⁺.
 4. The white LED of claim 1, further comprising a yellow-emitting silicate phosphor.
 5. The white LED of claim 4, wherein said silicate phosphor has the formula (Sr,Ba)₂SiO₄:Eu²⁺.
 6. A white LED comprising: a radiation source configured to provide excitation radiation having a wavelength greater than about 280 nm; at least one green-emitting, garnet-based phosphor, at least one said green emitting, garnet-based phosphor being a cerium-activated, green-emitting lutetium aluminate phosphor consisting of lutetium, cerium, at least one alkaline earth metal, aluminum, oxygen, and at least one halogen, wherein said at least one phosphor is configured to absorb excitation radiation having a wavelength ranging from about 420 nm to about 480 nm, and to emit light having a peak emission wavelength ranging from about 500 nm to about 550 nm.
 7. The white LED of claim 6, wherein said at least one alkaline earth metal is magnesium.
 8. The white LED of claim 6, wherein said at least one alkaline earth metal is strontium.
 9. The white LED of claim 6, wherein said at least one halogen is fluorine.
 10. A white LED comprising: a radiation source configured to provide excitation radiation having a wavelength greater than about 280 nm; at least one green-emitting, garnet-based phosphor, at least one said green emitting, garnet-based phosphor being a cerium-activated, green-emitting lutetium aluminate phosphor comprising lutetium, cerium, aluminum, oxygen, fluorine, and strontium, wherein said at least one phosphor is configured to absorb excitation radiation having a wavelength ranging from about 380 nm to about 480 nm, and to emit light having a peak emission wavelength ranging from about 523.44 nm to about 534.64 nm, and wherein said at least one phosphor is characterized by CIE(x) coordinates ranging from 0.3405 to 0.3677 and CIE(y) coordinates ranging from 0.5718 to 0.5748.
 11. The white LED of claim 10, wherein phosphor particle size is characterized by a particle size distribution with D50 ranging from about 3.84 microns to 11.38 microns.
 12. The white LED of claim 10, wherein said excitation radiation has a wavelength ranging from about 420 nm to about 480 nm.
 13. A white LED comprising: a radiation source configured to provide excitation radiation having a wavelength greater than about 280 nm; at least one green-emitting, garnet-based phosphor, at least one said green emitting, garnet-based phosphor being a cerium-activated, green-emitting lutetium aluminate phosphor comprising lutetium, cerium, aluminum, oxygen, fluorine, and magnesium, wherein said at least one phosphor is configured to absorb excitation radiation having a wavelength ranging from about 380 nm to about 480 nm, and to emit light having a peak emission wavelength ranging from about 514.22 nm to about 529.56 nm, and wherein said at least one phosphor is characterized by CIE(x) coordinates ranging from 0.3336 to 0.3635 and CIE(y) coordinates ranging from 0.5776 to 0.5862.
 14. The white LED of claim 13, wherein phosphor particle size is characterized by a particle size distribution with D50 ranging from about 4.01 microns to 9.30 microns.
 15. The white LED of claim 13, wherein said excitation radiation has a wavelength ranging from about 420 nm to about 480 nm.
 16. A white LED comprising: a radiation source configured to provide excitation radiation having a wavelength greater than about 280 nm; at least one green-emitting, garnet-based phosphor, at least one said green emitting, garnet-based phosphor being a green-emitting phosphor comprising a halogenated aluminate having the formula: A₃B_(x)Al₅O₁₂C_(y):Ce, where A is Lu; B is at least one of Mg or Sr; C is F; y is about 2×; and the amount by weight of B plus C ranges from greater than zero to about 5 weight percent.
 17. The white LED of claim 16, wherein at least one said green-emitting phosphor is configured to absorb excitation radiation having a wavelength ranging from about 420 nm to about 480 nm, and to emit light having a peak emission wavelength ranging from about 500 nm to about 550 nm. 